


Archive for January 22nd, 2011
Some 75m books on vinyl, cassette and now special compressed CD, have been issued free to more than 2 million people with sight problems
The Guardian, Wednesday 10 November 2010
It was soldiers who lost their sight during the first world war and complained that learning to read using Braille was difficult that spurred the RNIB to come up with its Talking Book service. This week, the service celebrates its 75th anniversary. The first titles, The Murder of Roger Ackroyd, by Agatha Christie, and Typhoon, by Joseph Conrad, recorded on 12-inch shellac gramophone records were sent out by the charity supporting blind and partially sighted people on 7 November1935.
The records played at 24 revolutions per minute, rather than the then standard 75 rpm, so that 25 minutes of speech could be crammed on each side. Even so, a typical novel required 10 double-sided discs.
The Society of Authors and the Society of Publishers lent the service their support to avoid copyright problems and the Post Office granted cheap postage rates. By September 1937, 966 specialist 24 rpm players had been sent out to readers with 42 new titles recorded.
Since then, around 75m books on vinyl, cassette and now special compressed CD, have been issued free to more than 2 million people. The most popular authors include JK Rowling, James Patterson, Agatha Christie, Danielle Steel, John Grisham and Jodi Picoult. Over the last 12 months Wolf Hall, by Hilary Mantel, Dear Fatty, by Dawn French, and How to Cheat at Cooking, by Delia Smith, were among the most popular listens.
Read in Full:Â http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2010/nov/10/rnib-talking-books-anniversary
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AN APPLICATION developed in Ireland to help children with autism to communicate has won a prestigious mobile content award.
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The Grace App was the idea of Lisa Domican, a mother of two children with autism, and teamed with Steven Troughton-Smith to develop the application, which can be used on an iPhone, iPod Touch or iPad. The app is named after Ms Domican’s daughter.
The system allows the children to communicate, building sentences through a book of laminated pictures that are attached to a board by velcro.
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Grace App, which is available on Apple’s store worldwide, has already won an award at this year’s Irish Web Awards, where it was named best mobile app. It has sold more than 600 copies since it went on sale almost a year ago.
“It stands out as a brilliant combination of technology and innovation with real purpose,†he said. “It’s wonderful to see its success in the WSA awards and reiterates its brilliance.â€
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Source:Â
http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/finance/2010/1112/1224283151588.html
 
At 8 p.m. Saturday, Southwest Airlines Flight 2149 was poised to push back from the gate. Flight attendants gave fasten-seat-belt instructions, and First Officer Peter Hayes announced, “There’s 25 minutes of flight time until we touch down in Philadelphia.”
Capt. Todd Siems said the Boeing airliner was cruising at 37,000 feet. And after he turned off the seat-belt sign, the young passengers were served complimentary Sprite, cranberry-apple juice, and airplane-shaped crackers.
Flight 2149 never left the gate at Philadelphia International Airport, though. It was no ordinary flight, but rather a practice for children with autism and their families to become familiar with travel at the airport – bags, getting boarding passes, going through security, waiting at the gate, and sitting on the plane to experience the lights and sounds.
“I’m going to China, but we won’t really,” said an imaginative Gena Catanese, 5, of North Wales, accompanied by her parents and her sisters, Isabella, 6, and Emma, 3.
Just 18 months ago, Gena had a traumatic travel experience on vacation in Orlando, Fla. She expected to preboard the plane with her family, but the protocol was she could preboard only with one parent.
Gena became agitated and “overstimulated,” said her mother, Melanie Catanese. “There was no way she was able to fly home that day.”
After receiving a frantic call, Gena’s pediatrician, Wendy Ross, at Albert Einstein Medical Center, phoned and faxed letters to the Orlando airport.
“I thought, ‘This can never happen to one of my families again,’ ” said Ross, who sees children with learning disabilities, mental retardation, autism, and attention-deficit disorder. “Gena was saying she would never fly again. It was heartbreaking.”
So Ross contacted Philadelphia airport and Rick Dempsey, head of the airport’s Americans With Disabilities Act review committee.

“She wanted to bring a simulated airport experience for children with autism and their families,” Dempsey said. “The committee thought it was a great idea. The [Transportation Security Administration] bought into it. We even got an airline, Southwest, to buy into the idea.”
Since then, there have been three “mock” flights.
“We asked the crews if they would mind sticking around for 30 to 40 minutes and go through a mock turnaround on a flight, as if we were flying somewhere,” said John Minor, Southwest’s station manager here.
“We let them know that autistic children are very literal, so we don’t want to say, ‘We’re flying to Disneyland,’ ” Minor said. “We just say, ‘This is a test run.’ “
Frontier Airlines plans a simulated flight for autistic children Dec. 11; US Airways Group has one planned for January. British Airways also has expressed interest.
In the spring, Ross trained 130 airport and airline employees on autism, which is diagnosed in one in 100 children annually.
“It’s not something you outgrow, but if you get really good therapy, you can cope better, compensate better,” Ross said. “My concern is that so many families do not go out into the community. It’s unrealistic to think that these kids are going to be employable one day if they are not comfortable being in community venues as they grow up.”
Ross went to Einstein four years ago from Children’s Hospital in Boston and teamed up with psychologists, a speech and language pathologist, and occupational therapist Roger Ideishi from University of the Sciences to start programs for autistic children at the Please Touch Museum, Garden State Discovery Museum, Adventure Aquarium, and the Academy of Natural Sciences.
“Currently, we are consulting with the Smithsonian,” she said.
Autistic children have difficulty with communication and socialization, and oversensitivity to sensory information and transition, Ross said. “New or unexpected things that have lights, sounds, movement can make them more likely to get upset or have a tantrum.”
Her goal is to expand Philadelphia’s program to airports nationwide, “everything from curb to cabin and back.”
Read in Full:Â http://www.philly.com/philly/business/20101116_Children_with_autism_practice_traveling_on__mock__flights.html
 
by Kat Baldwyn, Birmingham MailÂ
GRAEME Croton is celebrating after beating the bullies and winning the Midland award for providing vital support for other Asperger’s Syndrome sufferers.
The 25-year-old, from Erdington, was bullied at school and at work and was only diagnosed with Asperger’s Syndrome this year after a long battle and endless medical tests.
He also has dyslexia.
And Graeme was determined not to be beaten by his condition and set up a website to offer help and support to others like him.
Now he has been named the regional winner in the Triumph category of the vinspired national awards which recognise the work of young volunteers across England aged 16 to 25.
Graeme updates his website almost every day, giving support and sign-posting people to various organisations that can help them.
He said: “I want to set an example to others who have Asperger’s that things can be accomplished against the odds through sheer belief, hope, persistence and above all hard work.
“I want to put my home city of Birmingham on the map.â€
A shortlist of the regional vinspired winners is now being drawn up to go forward for the national finals in January 2011, with the national award winners being revealed at a ceremony in March 2011.
Terry Ryall, vinspired chief executive
officer, said: “Graeme is a complete inspiration. As a regional winner in the Triumph category you need to demonstrate ability to problem solve and to come up with new ideas and solutions through the volunteering you have done.
“All of the winners in this category have overcome personal barriers to help communities. Graeme has done all this and more and should be immensely proud.â€
 
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New data show that many children with autism spectrum disorders have greater academic abilities than previously thought. In a study by researchers at the University of Washington, 90 percent of high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorders showed a discrepancy between their IQ score and their performance on reading, spelling and math tests.
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Improved autism diagnosis and early behavioral interventions have led to more and more children being ranked in the high-functioning range, with average to above average IQs. Up to 70 percent of autistic children are considered high-functioning, though they have significant social communication challenges.
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Little is known about how these children actually perform in regular classrooms, which has implications for how to assign support services. Since IQ scores in the general population reliably predict academic performance – as measured by standardized tests for word reading, spelling and basic number skills – Estes and her colleagues thought the same would be true in their sample of 30 high-functioning 9 year olds with autism spectrum disorders.
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To the researchers’ surprise, 18 of the 30 children tested higher than predicted on at least one of the academic tests. This was especially true for spelling and word reading. Across the three academic tests, 18 of the 30 children scored lower than what their IQs would predict, suggesting a learning disability.
 
Source: eGov monitor – A Policy Dialogue Platform
Published Wednesday, 17 November, 2010 – 09:42
The coalition government has set out plans to empower 1 Million adults in need of social care with personal care budgets by 2013 so that they can choose the services they need, Care Services Minister Paul Burstow announced yesterday, as he launched the document “A vision for adult social care: Capable Communities and Active Citizens’.
In last month’s spending review, long term care assistance for the elderly and the disabled escaped the Chancellor’s cuts and the Government has announced an additional £2 Billion for social care over the next four years. While the funding would be coming from the central government, the budget would be administered through local authorities.
In line with the Prime Minister David Cameron’s vision of a ” big society” – the new plans focuses on community based support services for preventative care as well as self reliance. The Government seeks to break down the barriers between health and social care funding and envisions a care system which incorporates collaborative working between individuals, their local communities, local councils, the NHS as well as the voluntary sector.
Personal budgets were introduced in 1996, during John Major’s premiership, however only 13% of those eligible currently have one. The Care Services Minister emphasised that local authorities will provide personal care budgets to all those who are eligible within the next 3 years.
Ministers claim personal budgets Would provide “choice, control and independence” to citizens while “improving outcomes”.
Mr. Burstow said: “Social care is a vital service for many older, disabled and vulnerable people. Often people find the social care system confusing, inflexible and not suited to their needs – that’s not good enough. I want to see the vision brought into practice at a local level. Councils can offer more choice, control and flexibility over care, which is what people tell me they want.”
The Minister also announced that the government has accepted requests from local authorities to remove ring fencing from social care budgets, although some are worried whether that would impact upon the new money feeding through social care services considering the massive spending cuts the councils have to endure.
The Association of Directors of Adult Social Services welcomed the government’s vision. Richard Jones, president of the Association of Directors of Adult Social Services, believes that local authorities could “‘absolutely get going with this’.
‘Personalisation is not about how much money is in the system, it’s about how we operate and the approach we take when we work with citizens,’ he added.
The Local Government Association, too has welcomed the proposals outlined by the government, however it is concerned about local councils being able to meet the government’s target by 2013. Further, considering the demand is set to increase, councillors are worried whether there is adequate funding to make the vision a reality.
The National Autistic Society (NAS) supports the principles behind personal budgets, which offer people with autism and other disabilities choice and control over the support they receive. However, we are concerned that without the right measures in place, people may be allocated inadequate budgets or receive inappropriate support.
Mark Lever, chief executive, NAS, says: “The way that a personal budget is allocated is fundamental to its success and we therefore urge local councils to ensure that the assessment takes into account those with complex conditions like autism.
“Due to the nature of autism, and individual’s difficulties with social interaction and communication, assessors must have an understanding of the condition in order to ascertain people’s needs and calculate the support budget they require. An accurate personal budget can give people with autism far more independence and choice over their care. Being given control of an inadequate budget however, will not help anyone gain self-sufficiency.
“It is also essential that individuals are given the necessary support to manage their budgets by people who understand them and their autism. If the right support is not available in the local area or the individual does not know how to access it, then the system only sets people up to fail.â€
‘We welcome the Government’s commitment to reforming the social care system in England especially their plans to break down barriers between health and social care in order to provide better care and support,”Mike Hobday, Head of Policy at Macmillan Cancer Support said.
‘For as long as local health and social care decision makers mistakenly consider cancer as solely an acute, and not a long-term condition, cancer patients and their carers will continue to be abandoned to cope alone with the financial, practical and emotional problems caused by their diagnosis or treatment.”
‘Cancer must be included in the debate about the future of social care and Macmillan is determined that the needs of cancer patients and carers will be addressed in the Government’s White Paper next year.’
 
Victims Of Child Abuse Who Blame Themselves And Their Families For Their Situation Present Higher Rates Of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Article Date: 28 Oct 2010 – 2:00 PDT
This is one of the conclusions drawn from a study conducted by the University of Granada, where 1,500 university students participated. This study proved that long-term psychological adjustment of victims of sexual abuse in the childhood significantly depends on some cognitive factors and on their interaction.
In cases of child sexual abuse, there are children and teenagers that blame themselves (for example, after the thought that the abuse was led by them) or their family (thinking that their family should have protected them) for the abuse suffered in their childhood. This type of victims resort more frequently to avoidance coping. Thus, they try to sleep more than usual, avoid thinking on the problem, or resort to alcohol and drug abuse in the case of teenagers. This behaviour leaves important psychological after-effects on victims: concretely, they present more symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder.
These are some of the conclusions drawn from a research conducted by David Cantón Cortés, at the Department of Evolutionary and Educational Psychology of the University of Granada, and led by professors Fernando Justicia Justicia and José Cantón Duarte. In their study developed in collaboration with the University of Cambridge (United Kingdom), they analyzed how different cognitive variables affect the development of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. To such purpose, a sample of victims of child sexual abuse was used.
Concretely, the researchers analyzed the moderating role of coping strategies, the impact of the sense of guilt and of blaming others, and the feelings triggered by sexual abuse. This research proved that long-term psychological adjustment of victims of child sexual abuse greatly depends on some cognitive factors, and on their interaction. Further, this study helped to determine under what circumstances (associated to situations of sexual abuse) these cognitive factors have higher impact.
Read in Full:Â http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/205977.php
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Teaching Kids To Work Through Trauma
Article Date: 25 Oct 2010 – 0:00 PDT
A child who grows up in the midst of political conflict, such as war or terrorism, can exhibit severe emotional scars. But certain qualities, which psychologists call “resilience factors,” can help overcome this adversity.
Prof. Michelle Slone of Tel Aviv University’s Department of Psychology has now developed a program to help children develop these resilience factors and avoid the psychological disabilities that may arise from stress. Her method – and her inspiring results – were recently described in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and International Journal of Behavioral Development.
A lesson plan for resilience
Because children are surprisingly resilient, if given the proper tools, they can move past traumatic experiences more easily than adults.
Prof. Slone studied children who underwent daily rocket attacks from Gaza or other forms of political violence. She compared children who appeared more well-adjusted to those who exhibited more severe psychological trauma, and determined which qualities made the difference. With the results of this research, she developed a series of workshops to enhance those elements that helped children deal with the stress of conflict.
After the workshops, children who attended were better able to stand up in front of their peers and candidly discuss their anxieties about the conflict they experienced, engaging with the group to form strategies for dealing with problems that arose. This exercise dramatically improved their psychological healing process, she says.
A four-fold approach
For her workshops, Prof. Slone identified four of the most important resilience factors: mobilizing appropriate support; attributing meaning to the traumatic experience; developing self-efficacy and problem-solving skills; and improving self-esteem. Next, she developed a school-based intervention program to help students develop and utilize the desired qualities. She and her fellow researchers created a workbook for each factor, she explains, and held training sessions with teachers. Through a four-to-six week workshop process, the children were led through a variety of activities designed to improve each quality.Â
Read in Full:Â http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/205501.php
First Major Study Of Mental Health Of UK Armed Forces In Iraq
Article Date: 31 Oct 2010 – 0:00 PDT
Researchers from the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London have carried out the first major study of the mental health of UK armed forces while they are on deployment. Their findings are published in the November issue of the British Journal of Psychiatry.
Professor Neil Greenberg and colleagues from the Academic Centre for Defence Mental Health conducted the study in Iraq in January and February 2009. 611 armed forces personnel, who were based in eight locations across Iraq, completed a questionnaire about their deployment experiences and health. This number represents about 15% of the UK personnel deployed in Iraq at the time.
The majority of the personnel (92.6%) rated their overall health as good, very good or excellent. Personnel were more likely to report good health if they were of officer rank, if they felt their unit was very cohesive and had supportive leadership, and if they had taken a period of rest and recuperation in an area outside the operational theatre.
Of the 611 personnel, 20.5% showed signs of experiencing symptoms of psychological distress and 3.4% had probable post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These rates are similar to those that have been found among service personnel who are not on deployment. They are also lower than in other high-stress occupations such as police officers, doctors in emergency departments and disaster workers.
The researchers found that psychological distress was more common among personnel who were young, female, in the army, and of junior rank. PTSD was more common among personnel of junior rank, among those who reported feeling in danger of being killed, and who had higher combat exposure. Personnel who reported sick for any reason during their deployment were also more likely to have symptoms of psychological distress.
Read in Full:Â http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/206195.php
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An uneven distribution of traumatised soldiers
A brief insight into why US troops returning from the same war zones as UK troops show four times the rate of post-traumatic stress disorder – taken from a recent Military Medicine article on mental health treatment in the British armed forces.
The prevalence of PTSD among U.S. forces returning from Iraq has approached 20% of combat personnel. This is in contrast to U.K. forces, which have reported approximately 5% using the same screening tools. There are differences between the forces deployed, some of which may explain the differences in mental health outcomes: U.S. troops are younger, less experienced, deploy for longer tours, and are more likely to be reservists than U.K. forces, all of which are independent risk factors for the development of symptoms of PTSD. A further explanation is that the higher levels of reporting may reflect societal and cultural factors not necessarily associated with deployment.
‘Societal and cultural factors’, of course, could mean anything from the British ‘stiff upper lip’ approach to dealing with mental distress to the system of support and compensation for US troops which has been noted not to encourage improvement as well as it might.
However, it’s also worth bearing in mind that part of the difference may be due to the experiences of the troops, and as far as I know, there is no research that has looked at whether your average US soldier in Iraq simply deals with more potentially traumatising events – combat, injured civilians, bombings and so on.
Read in Full(Includes pdf Link): http://mindhacks.com/2010/10/28/the-prevalence-of-ptsd-among-u-s-forces-returning-from-iraq-has-approached-20-of-combat-personnel-4647-this-is-in-contrast-to-u-k-forces-which-have-reported-approximately-5-using-the-same-screenin/
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Military Mental Health: There’s an App (and Money) For That
Two good pieces of good news came out of the military this week — especially for soldiers and veterans who are facing mental health concerns.
The first is the Monday announcement by Pentagon officials of a free smart phone application for Android devices designed to help soldiers and veterans to track their emotional health. It’s called the T2 Mood Tracker (from the National Center for Telehealth and Technology) is available free free download now. (The iPhone app is in the works.)
It’s basically a mood tracker, allowing users to track their mood, happiness and stress levels throughout the day. Anyone can download and use the app, free of charge.
The second piece of good news is the announcement that the U.S. Army will spend $17 million over 3 years to study suicide in solders and vets.
The money will be used to fund a new program called the Military Suicide Research Consortium. The hope is that the researchers will be able to better identify the risks and ways of better addressing the rising suicide rates in the U.S. military.
“In the civilian world, we know a bit about what measures do a good job of identifying at-risk individuals. We don’t know that for active duty military,†VA researcher Peter Gutierrez told KUNC radio. Gutierrez will be the co-director of the new Consortium at the Denver VA Medical Center.
Read in Full:Â http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2010/10/28/military-mental-health-theres-an-app-and-money-for-that/
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New Findings on PTSD and Brain Activity
Reviewed by John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on November 1, 2010
Researchers have discovered a correlation between increased activity among brain circuits and flashbacks among individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
University of Minnesota investigators learned that an increased circuit activity in the right side of the brain is associated with the debilitating, involuntary flashbacks that often characterized PTSD.
The ability to objectively diagnose PTSD through concrete evidence of neural activity, its impact and its manifestation is the first step toward effectively helping those afflicted with this severe anxiety disorder.
PTSD often stems from war, but also can be a result of exposure to any psychologically traumatic event. The disorder can manifest itself in flashbacks, recurring nightmares, anger or hypervigilance.
Using a technique called Magnetoencephalography (MEG), a noninvasive measurement of magnetic fields in the brain, researchers found differences between signals in the temporal and parieto-occipital right hemispheric areas of the brain among those with PTSD.
The temporal cortex, in accordance with earlier findings on the effects of its electrical stimulation during brain surgery, is thought to be responsible for the reliving of past experiences.
The research – led by Apostolos Georgopoulos, M.D., Ph.D., and Brian Engdahl, Ph.D., both members of the Brain Sciences Center at the Minneapolis VA Medical Center and University of Minnesota — is published today in the Journal of Neural Engineering.
Read in Full:Â http://psychcentral.com/news/2010/11/01/new-findings-on-ptsd-and-brain-activity/20338.html
 
 
Article Date: 19 Nov 2010 – 0:00 PST
Women are much more likely to be persuaded to either eat healthily or undertake dangerous dieting by other women, not men, according to new research from The Australian National University.
The research by PhD student Tegan Cruwys, released during National Psychology Week, found that both healthy, and unhealthy, messages delivered by men had little effect. Additionally, she found that when a healthy eating message is delivered by someone women identify with, it was likely to change their behaviour. The findings highlight the importance of carefully targeted health messages.
To conduct the research, Ms Cruwys, a PhD student in the ANU Department of Psychology, showed female participants four health promotion videos in an online experiment, with either a pro-health or pro-dangerous dieting message, delivered by either a male or a female.
“We found that the women who watched the videos with the woman speaking were far more persuaded by the message,” said Cruwys. “That is, women planned to engage in healthier behaviours after seeing a pro-health message from a woman, and less healthy behaviours after seeing a pro-dangerous dieting message from a woman.”
She added that the videos which were delivered by a male presenter had little effect on the female participants in the study.
“The videos with the male speaker had little impact. The effect was particularly pronounced for the measure of interest in healthy eating – 40 per cent of women who saw the pro-health message from a woman clicked a link to find out more information about healthy eating, while only eight per cent of women who heard the same message from a man did.
“A person’s identity is more than just their personality and preferences. It’s also important to consider group membership in predicting behaviour. We found that the more a woman saw her gender as a central part of her identity, the less her personal attitudes mattered. So even if she thought being thin was desirable, a woman who saw herself as a woman was more influenced by the female’s message than her individual beliefs,” she said.
Read in Full:Â http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/208417.php
 
Reviewed by John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on November 1, 2010Â
A new field of study is ecopsychology, or the relationship between environmental issues and mental health and well-being.
A new journal issue explores the premise that women experience and interact with their natural surroundings in ways that differ from men.
The way in which those differences affect a woman’s sense of self, body image, and drive to protect and preserve the environment are explored in a special issue of the journal Ecopsychology.
Guest editors Britain Scott, PhD and Lisa Lynch, PhD, present a collection of articles that encompass observations and theories on how female gender, motherhood, human nature, and gender-based societal norms influence a woman’s self-perception and behavior.
Topics focus on what women may gain from interacting with their surroundings on a sensory level and how they may benefit from nature-based therapies.
In the article “Babes and the Woods: Women’s Objectification and the Feminine Beauty Ideal as Ecological Hazards,†Dr. Scott explains how cultural norms that promote a view of women as sex objects have led women to become preoccupied with, and generally critical of, their bodies.
This feeling among women that they fall short of the feminine beauty ideal has a negative impact on their attitude toward, and ability to connect with, the environment.
Kari Hennigan, PhD, suggests that women who spend time in natural settings and interact with the environment are more likely to have a better body image and to distance themselves from societal definitions of beauty.
Read in Full:Â http://psychcentral.com/news/2010/11/01/do-women-have-a-special-connection-to-nature/20396.html
 
As you stretch for yet another delicious cup cake, the abstemious little voice in your head pleads ‘Don’t do it!’. Does this self talk really have any effect on your impulse control or is it merely providing a private commentary on your mental life? A new study using a laboratory test of self-control suggests that the inner voice really does help.
Alexa Tullett and Michael Inzlicht had 37 undergrads perform the Go/No Go task. Briefly, this involved one on-screen symbol indicating that a button should be pressed as quickly as possible (the Go command) whilst another indicated that the button press should not be performed (No Go). Because the Go symbol was far more common, participants tended to find it difficult to suppress making a button press on the rare occasions when a No Go command was given. People with more self-control would be expected to make fewer errors of this kind.
Crucially, Tullett and Inzlicht also had the participants perform a secondary task at the same time – either repeating the word ‘computer’ with their inner voice, or drawing circles with their free hand. The central finding was that participants made significantly more errors on the Go/No Go task (i.e. pressing the button at the wrong times) when they also had to repeat the word ‘computer’ to themselves, compared with when they had the additional task of drawing circles. This difference was exacerbated during a more difficult version of the Go/No Go task in which the command symbols were periodically switched (so that the Go command became the No Go command and vice versa). It seems that the participants’ self-control was particularly compromised when their inner voice was kept busy saying ‘computer’ so that it couldn’t be used to aid self-control. Â Â





