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Archive for January, 2011

 

By Rick Nauert PhD Senior News Editor
Reviewed by John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on September 10, 2010 

Researchers are investigating how the emotionally soothing effect of music can augment the treatment of depression and the management of physical pain.

To do this, scientists are using an innovative combination of music psychology and leading-edge audio engineering to determine how music conveys emotion.

The project at Glasgow Caledonian University is supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC).

The research could lead to advances in the use of music to help regulate a person’s mood, and promote the development of music-based therapies to tackle conditions like depressive illnesses.

It could help alleviate symptoms for people who are dealing with physical pain and even lead to doctors putting music on a prescription that is tailored to suit the needs of an individual.

“The impact of a piece of music on a person goes so much further than thinking that a fast tempo can lift a mood and a slow one can bring it down. Music expresses emotion as a result of many factors,” says audio engineering specialist Dr. Don Knox, project leader.

“These include the tone, structure and other technical characteristics of a piece. Lyrics can have a big impact too. But so can purely subjective factors: where or when you first heard it, whether you associate it with happy or sad events and so on. Our project is the first step towards taking all of these considerations – and the way they interact with each other – on board.”

The research team has already carried out an unprecedentedly detailed audio analysis of pieces of music, identified as expressing a range of emotions by a panel of volunteers.

Scientists have each volunteer listen to pieces of previously unheard contemporary popular music and then ask the listener to assign each piece a position on a graph.

One axis measures the type of feeling (positivity or negativity) that the piece communicates; the other measures the intensity or activity level of the music.

The research team then assesses the audio characteristics that the pieces falling into each part of the graph have in common.

“We look at parameters such as rhythm patterns, melodic range, musical intervals, length of phrases, musical pitch and so on,” says Dr Knox.

“For example, music falling into a positive category might have a regular rhythm, bright timbre and a fairly steady pitch contour over time. If tempo and loudness increase, for instance, this would place the piece in a more ‘exuberant’ or ‘excited’ region of the graph.”

Read in Full:  http://psychcentral.com/news/2010/09/10/music-prescription-for-depression/17960.html

 



 

Article Date: 10 Sep 2010 – 1:00 PDT

Pediatric-onset obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette’s disorder (TD) share similarities in their underlying genetic and environmental factors, psychiatric features, and treatment methods. Advances in understanding the neurobiological basis of these disorders and discovering new and more effective therapies are highlighted in a special issue on OCD and TD in Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, a peer-reviewed journal published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. The entire issue is available free online here.

Guest editors Barbara J. Coffey, MD, MS, from the New York University Child Study Center, and Judith Rapoport, MD Chief, Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH describe the current reality of these challenging neuropsychiatric disorders in the editorial, “Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Tourette’s Disorder: Where Are We Now?” They conclude that “studies are still few, and validated predictors, moderators and mediators of treatment response are still very much needed.”

Riluzole, a drug approved for treating patients with the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), has shown promise in psychiatric conditions such as OCD in children and is currently being studied in a clinical trial that will assess its efficacy and side effects in young people who have not benefited from standard-of-care treatments. Paul Grant, Jane Song, and Susan Swedo from the National Institute of Mental Health (Bethesda, MD) describe the potential for riluzole to help control OCD symptoms based on its ability to block the release of glutamate from nerve cells. Although the drug appears to be generally well tolerated at therapeutic doses, cases of pancreatitis in children, an uncommon adverse effect associated with riluzole use, are cause for concern, as the authors report in the article, “Review of the Use of the Glutamate Antagonist Riluzole in Psychiatric Disorders and a Description of Recent Use in Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.” 

Read in Full:  http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/200527.php



 

By Rick Nauert PhD Senior News Editor
Reviewed by John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on September 10, 2010

A new Canadian study suggests medications to treat insomnia and anxiety may increase the risk of mortality.

According to a study conducted by Geneviève Belleville, a professor at Université Laval’s School of Psychology, the risk could increase by as much as 36 percent.

Dr. Belleville arrived at these results through analysis of 12 years of data on over 14,000 Canadians in Statistics Canada’s National Population Health Survey. The data includes information on the social demographics, lifestyle, and health of Canadians age 18 to 102, surveyed every two years between 1994 and 2007.

During this period, respondents who reported having used medication to treat insomnia or anxiety at least once in the month preceding the survey had a mortality rate of 15.7 percent. Respondents who reported not having used such medications had a rate of 10.5 percent.

After controlling for personal factors that might affect mortality risk, notably alcohol and tobacco consumption, physical health, physical activity level, and the presence or absence of depressive symptoms among participants, Dr. Belleville established that the consumption of sleeping pills or anxiety-relieving medications was associated with a 36 percent increase in the risk of death.

Read in Full:  http://psychcentral.com/news/2010/09/10/medications-for-insomnia-and-anxiety-could-be-dangerous/17963.html



 Neurone merge

A type of neurone that, when malfunctioning, has been tied to epilepsy, autism and schizophrenia is much more complex than previously thought, researchers at MIT’s Picower Institute for Learning and Memory report in the Sept. 9 issue of Neuron.

The majority of brain cells are called excitatory because they ramp up the action of target cells. In contrast, inhibitory cells called interneurones put the brakes on unbridled activity to maintain order and control. Epileptic seizures, as well as symptoms of autism and schizophrenia, have been tied to dysfunctional inhibitory cells.

‘Too much activity and you run the risk of uncontrolled activity, while too little leads to cognitive and behavioural deficits,’ said Mriganka Sur, Paul E. Newton Professor of Neuroscience, whose laboratory carried out the study. ‘Normal brain development and function hinges on the delicate balance between excitation and inhibition.’

For a long time, interneurones, which make up only one-fifth of brain cells, were thought to be a kind of generic, homogenous shutdown agent. The MIT study points to a new view: At least some interneurones have very precise responses and form specific connections and circuits.

Read in Full:  http://www.sciencecentric.com/news/10090941-mit-researchers-find-that-interneurones-are-not-all-created-equally.html



 

Bethany Sciortino

Bedtime is often the most stressful part of a day for a family who has a child with autism. Not only is it extremely challenging to get an overstimulated child to go to and stay in their bed, but it is near impossible to get them to sleep. When the kicking and screaming subsides and your child finally drifts into dreamland, it is not uncommon to find them bright eyed at 3 in the morning next to your bedside. Research shows that up to 70% of children with autism suffer from sleep disturbances and while the reason is still largely unclear, there does seem to be some evidence that points to an irregular production of melatonin, your body’s natural sleep hormone.

Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland, a small gland in the brain, and in most healthy children and adults is regulated by the light and dark patterns of day and night. During the day when your body is exposed to light, your pineal gland produces very little melatonin and as dusk and evening appear, your body produces more melatonin causing you to become sleepy and rest at night. In autistic children, there is a disruption in the production of melatonin making it hard for the body to feel the natural instinct of desiring rest.

Children who take melatonin have been shown to fall asleep faster and stay asleep longer, and ultimately helps their bodies self-synchronize sleep patterns. Melatonin supplements are available over the counter and are considered to have no side effects. Generally, most children will benefit from a low dose of .5 to 1 milligram taken 20- 30 minutes before bedtime. Supplementing your child with melatonin should always be accompanied by a consistent bedtime routine which limits stimulating activities such as television and video games several hours before sleep, and implementing relaxation techniques such as joint compressions, light massage, reading or soft music. Lighting should be low and the noise level should be kept moderate, as well.

Read in Full:  http://www.examiner.com/autism-parenting-in-orlando/melatonin-sweet-dreams-for-autistic-children



Vive le Difference!

By Lisa Jo Rudy, Autism Guide

One of the trickiest aspects of discussing or writing about the autism spectrum is that there is so little we can say about “people with autism” that holds true across the board.  People with autism are highly intelligent and intellectually challenged; they are hyper-verbal and non-verbal; they are ultra-sensitive to light and sound or less sensitive than most.  Some are savants; most are not.  Some are subject to a wide range of physical issues, others are perfectly healthy.

Even when we talk about what people with autism have in common – delays and challenges in social interaction and communication – those commonalities run the gamut from slight to absolute, and look different in almost every case.

In order to write about or discuss autism, though, we have to say SOMETHING – and over time, certain “truisms” about autism have been shared so often that they’re assumed to be universally accurate.

The problem is, they aren’t.

Recently, I was reading a book that described people with autism spectrum disorders as systems-oriented, mechanically inclined, good with machines and computers, and unable to think creatively.  Of course, this is true some of the time: SOME people with autism are indeed terrific with machines, computers and systems – and rotten at creative expression. On the other hand, however, my son has little interest in systems, machines and computers – but enjoys writing poetry, making up stories, and improvising on the clarinet.

I’ve heard over and over that people with autism are visual learners – and, in fact, entire classrooms are set up on that assumption.  The problem is that while SOME people with autism are visual learners, many are actually kinesthetic, mathematical, musical or naturalist learners.  As a result, the very classrooms set up for their “special needs” ignore their actual learning styles!

Lists of “best careers for people with autism” focus assume a lack of creativity and focus almost entirely on use of machines, repetition and close observation (lab tech, stockroom worker,  library staff, database management, etc.).  Yet many people with autism have made a name for themselves as writers, public speakers, photographers, artists, musicians, designers, and even inventors.

I haven’t come up with a useful way to actually describe “people with autism spectrum disorders,” as I honestly believe such a description would be as tough to manage as a description of “women” or “men.”  That is, people with autism are radically different from one another, though they do have a few describable commonalities.

Read in Full:  http://autism.about.com/b/2010/09/09/stereotyping-people-with-autism.htm



Best and Worst Life Experiences from Social Connections


By Rick Nauert PhD Senior News Editor
Reviewed by John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on August 30, 2010


New research finds that social events are the most meaningful times in an individual’s life. Although social connections bring us the most pleasure, they also deliver the most pain.


In the first study of its kind, researchers have found compelling evidence that our best and worst experiences in life are likely to involve not individual accomplishments, but interaction with other people and the fulfillment of an urge for social connection.


The findings, which run contrary to implications of previous research, are reported in “What Makes Us Feel the Best Also Makes Us Feel the Worst: The Emotional Impact of Independent and Interdependent Experiences.”


The study reports on research conducted at the University at Buffalo and will appear in the forthcoming print issue of Self and Identity.


Co-author Shira Gabriel, PhD, associate professor of psychology at UB, says, “Most of us spend much of our time and effort focused on individual achievements such as work, hobbies and schooling.


“However this research suggests that the events that end up being most important in our lives, the events that bring us the most happiness and also carry the potential for the most pain, are social events — moments of connecting to others and feeling their connections to us.”


Read in Full:  http://psychcentral.com/news/2010/08/30/best-and-worst-life-experiences-from-social-connections/17427.html


Why Does Having a Son Reduce the Likelihood of Divorce?


There’s very little that fathers (or mothers) can do for daughters

Coping with Divorce: Words Tell the Story


By Rick Nauert PhD Senior News Editor
Reviewed by John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on September 7, 2010


University of Arizona researchers say that people in the midst of divorce reveal how they are handling things – not so much by what they say but how they say it.


Apparently the truth is fairly easy to determine; even complete strangers were able to figure out how people were coping with their emotions using relatively small amounts of information.


The investigation elaborates on recent person-perception studies that examine interpersonal distress, in this case when a marriage ends.


“We wanted to know how much information people actually need in order to know how another person is coping,” said Ashley Mason, a UA doctoral student who conducted the research.


“There’s been a lot of person-perception research in terms of perceiving a stranger’s personality or intelligence. And data have shown that we really don’t need much.”


Read in Full:  http://psychcentral.com/news/2010/09/07/coping-with-divorce-words-tell-the-story/17774.html


Related Clinical Articles


Learn more

The Bipolar Relationship: How to Understand, Help, and Love Your Partner


By Jon P. Bloch, PHD, Bernard Golden, PHD and Nancy Rosenfeld

Reviewed by Gillian Fournier


The Bipolar Relationship: How to Understand, Help, and Love Your Partner by Jon P. Bloch, PHD, Bernard Golden, PHD and Nancy Rosenfeld is a very detailed and helpful book meant specifically for romantic partners of bipolar people. Though it contains a large amount of information that could be helpful to an actual bipolar person, the book focuses on the role that the partner plays in their partner’s mental health. It covers all aspects of daily life from basic definitions and types of the disorder to the effective management of a healthy sex life and overall adjustments that can make life easier for both parties.


The book begins by going over the most basic definition of the disorder. It discusses the symptoms of mania and depression, lists the types of the disorder in very simple words, and touches briefly on the current research. The first few chapters do not contain any groundbreaking revelations because they use that time to help the reader get their bearings on the subject.


Someone who knows a lot about the disorder may want to bypass pages 1-14 — this information could be found online or in any basic bipolar publication. After page 14 though, it goes into more depth about the behavioral signs of the disorder and becomes much more interesting.


One aspect I had not considered is the need to address how others perceive the bipolar partner. It makes a very strong case for listening to doctors, friends and even people who don’t have any clue that the person you are dating is bipolar. Sometimes when you are in a relationship with a bipolar person it can seem like you are the only person in the situation. This book urges you to realize that you most definitely are not.


The book also notes that bipolar is different for each person, but it does list commonalities to help the partner try to diagnose the issues and combat them. This section of the book is, in my opinion, the most interesting and helpful part. It talks about approaching bipolar anger in a calm and collected way (most people react in an equally angry fashion, causing more issues in the long run), trying out couples therapy and the options for medication. The book’s authors clearly are pro-medication, but to their credit they do mention the importance of therapy in conjunction with pharmaceutical treatment.


Read in Full:  http://psychcentral.com/lib/2010/the-bipolar-relationship-how-to-understand-help-and-love-your-partner/


How to Improve Mood, Raise Energy and Reduce Tension


What strategies do you use to make yourself feel better, increase your energy levels and reduce your tension? That’s the question Robert Thayer and colleagues at California State University were motivated by in looking for the strategies people use and find effective (Thayer, Newman & McClain, 1994). There’s no revelations in the results but the fact that the same three main strategies were useful in changing mood and reducing tension and raising energy speaks volumes:


  • *Exercise: rated as the most effective for changing a bad mood, also good for raising energy and reducing tension.
  • *Music: rated the second most successful way to change a bad mood, and raising energy and reducing tension. This may be a surprising finding for some people.
  • *Social interaction: good for changing a bad mood and reducing tension although not necessarily so good for raising energy.

Apart from these main categories that were good across the board, there were other strategies that worked in a more selective fashion:


  • *Pep talk: this was rated as most successful for energy enhancement – above both exercise and music.
  • *Distractions (like shopping, reading, chores and hobbies): seen as useful for changing a bad mood.

At the other end of the scale, the things people rated as relatively less successful were:


  • *TV: less effective for reducing tension
  • *Eating: also less effective for reducing tension.
  • *Coffee: not that good for raising energy, relative to the other categories.

Gender differences were also seen. Men are more likely to try and distract themselves or seek pleasure, while women are more likely to seek social support.


One surprising finding from this study is how successful music is in all three categories of mood regulation, energy raising and tension reduction. In fact I’ve written before about the seven ways music influences mood.


Read in Full:  http://www.spring.org.uk/2007/08/how-to-change-bad-mood-raise-energy-and.php


Wherever you go, go with all your heart. ~Confucius


How to Be Happy, Confucian Style


“The one who would be in constant happiness must frequently change.” –Confucius


In China two and half thousand years ago one man, Kong Qui, and his followers, synthesised the traditions of the Chinese people to create what they believed were the fundamental principles of humanity. Of course what Westerners now call Confucianism has changed over the years, just like the other major philosophies that have flourished in the East: Buddhism and Taoism. But to have survived this long, these systems of thought must have at their cores a useful set of principles that help people live the ‘good life’.


Following on from previous posts on philosophers Epicurus and Schopenhauer, as well as the modern obsession with self-help books, I look at what Ancient Chinese philosophies have to teach us about how to be happy.


In an article in the Journal of Happiness Studies, Zhang and Veenhoven (in press) compare the ancient Chinese versions of Taosim, Buddhism and Confucianism with the modern conditions of happiness. They use findings from the multitude of studies collected in the World Database of Happiness to reach the conclusion that, compared to ancient Buddhism and Taoism, it is Confucius’ philosophical teachings that are most likely to lead to a happy life.


So, here (briefly) is Confucius’ advice on how to live the good life, contrasted with some of the tenets of Taoism and Buddhism.


1. Invest in intimate ties


Confucianism’s view of life is built on the idea of ‘Jen’. This means a feeling of concern for the wellbeing of others. Those following Confucianism should bring Jen into both their social relations and, so far as they are able, into society itself.


Compared with the modern observed conditions of happiness this looks like good advice. Generally speaking marriage makes us happier, more friends make us happier and people are especially happy if they have someone to confide in. Classical Taoism goes along with this point but ancient Buddhism runs counter to the evidence, advising the avoidance of intimate ties.


2. Embrace society


Society is accepted within Confucianism and the philosophy encourages its followers to engage in it. Looking at the research, this is also good advice. People who are members of clubs, churches and other organisations are happier, people who have a job are happier, and so on. The evidence shows that this is also true at a societal level. Countries in which people have the densest networks of friends are also those in which people are the happiest.


In comparison, ancient Taoism says retreat to nature and Buddhism says withdraw completely from society – both these points of view are suspect if happiness is your goal.


3. Be successful


Confucianism recommends a devotion to your occupation. The wealth earned from working is also seen in a positive light within Confucianism. Generally speaking people with more money and higher status are happier (but bear in mind that more money doesn’t always equal more happiness). In contrast both ancient Taoism and Buddhism are sniffy about earnings.


4. Have fun


Confucius thought moderate amounts of fun were acceptable. This is backed up by modern research finding that people who engage in pleasurable activities are happier (I know, surprise surprise!). Follow-up studies show no long-term disadvantages to a bit of short-term fun. So there’s no point rejecting the possibility of happiness, as does ancient Chinese Buddhism, which warns that the pursuit of happiness will only end in disappointment.


5. Live healthily


Still in the land of the blindingly obvious – yes, people who are healthier are happier. Still, just because the advice is obvious doesn’t mean it’s any less relevant, or any more likely for people to actually act on! Despite this the self-evident nature of this advice, ancient Chinese Buddhism actually recommends physical privation. Again, we’ll stick with Confucius on this one.


6. Meet your obligations


One of the most important aspects of ancient Chinese Confucianism is a sense of duty and responsibility. There’s some sparse evidence from the individual level that this might lead to greater happiness. At a societal level, however, people who live in collectivist societies, like the Chinese, tend to be less happier than those who live in individualistic societies. This may be because collectivist societies stifle the individual’s search for self-actualisation.


7. School yourself


You’ve guessed it, the well-educated are also happier. On the other hand education mostly contributes to happiness by enabling you to get a better job, and lots of education doesn’t necessarily lead to more happiness. One thing is clear though, it is better to live in a more educated society, even if others are more educated than us.


Education is partly endorsed by Taoism, while classical Buddhism advises avoiding school completely. Again, Confucianism wins on this one.


Read in Full:  http://www.spring.org.uk/2008/01/how-to-be-happy-confucian-style.php





 

Christy Matta, M.A. Updated: Sep 9th 2010

When it comes to communication, words are only a small part of the story. Body language tells people a great deal about you, whether you’re putting your thoughts into words or not.

Think of someone who is speaking publicly. Their rate of speech, eye contact, tone of voice and hand gestures communicate to us. They may say they are confident, but if the body language doesn’t match, we’re likely to think they have doubts.

In fact, when body language and words don’t match, people are more likely to believe body language. If a friend tells you she’s doing ok after a break-up, but her voice cracks while she’s talking, you’re more likely to believe the crack in her voice than her verbal message.

But what if you’re someone whose body language doesn’t accurately reflect your inner feelings? For some, body language is not a more accurate reflection of what they think and feel. Some people may be born with less expressive emotional systems. Some learn to inhibit expression from a family culture that values even tempers and minimal expression. For others, early trauma and abuse might teach them to mask their feelings. By the time they are adults, some are experts at camouflaging their body language, although they may not even be unaware that they do it.

Read in Full:  http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=39551&cn=474



 

Ariel Bond/Daily
Temple Grandin speaks at the Michigan Theatre as the first speaker in the Penny W. Stamps lecture series on Thursday, September 9, 2010.

By: Stephanie Berliant
Daily Staff Reporter
Published September 9th, 2010

Fresh from hearing her name called five times at this year’s Emmy Awards, Temple Grandin addressed a packed audience at the Michigan Theater last night.

Grandin, a professor of animal science at Colorado State University and top innovator in the field of animal behavior, spoke as the first in the Penny Stamps Series of lectures sponsored by the School of Art & Design. In the lecture called “Autism, Animals and Art” Grandin focused on how different types of thinking can be used to advance society.

Though impressive by their own merit, Grandin’s accomplishments are magnified by the fact that she was diagnosed in childhood with a severe form of autism, a neurological disorder that impairs social and communication abilities. Grandin couldn’t talk until she was four years old and doctors advised her mother to institutionalize her, but her mother instead chose to seek intensive treatment for Grandin.

As a result, Grandin became one of a small minority of children with autism born in the 1940s to greatly improve in communication and today she is considered high-functioning.

Grandin is known for putting her unique viewpoints into everything she does and offering continuous examples of the way she sees things differently from most people. Last night’s event was no exception.

In her distinct Kansas accent, Grandin described the doubts people had about her methods at the start of her career in the 1970s.

After watching cattle become easily upset when walking down shoots to be slaughtered, Grandin walked through a cattle shoot herself, and realized that there were sensory distractions in the shoots like too much or too little light.

“People said, ‘Why would you look at things the cattle’s looking at?’” Grandin said. “But getting in their position was what figured it out.”

To a crowd of about 1,700, Grandin described how people with autism and animals think the same way — one of the reasons she was drawn to the field of animal behavior. People with autism use “bottom-up” processing, she said, in which they see the details first and piece together larger meanings from there.

Grandin related this bottom-up processing to autistic people’s lack of understanding of generalized situations. For example, telling a child not to run in the street outside his or her home may not translate to a school or park. A child with autism might need to be told in each situation until he or she understands that running in streets, in general, is not acceptable, she explained.

Read in Full:  http://www.michigandaily.com/content/animal-behavior-scholar-autism-activist-temple-grandin-talks-power-different-thinking



 Chen Guangcheng (file photo 2006)

Mr Chen, who has no formal legal training, became known as the “barefoot lawyer”

A blind activist jailed after revealing rights abuses under China’s one-child policy has been freed after a four-year prison term, rights groups say.

Chen Guangcheng accused officials in Shandong province of forcing 7,000 women into abortions or sterilisations.

Chinese Human Rights Defenders said he was released from jail in the city of Linyi, where he had helped people sue over the injustices.

Mr Chen, 39, is a contender for this year’s Nobel Peace Prize.

Mr Chen, who lost his sight in childhood, has no formal legal training as the blind were not permitted to attend college.

He has also advised farmers in land disputes and campaigned for improved treatment of the disabled.

International criticism

The BBC was unable to immediately contact relatives of Mr Chen or his lawyer to confirm his release.

However, activist lawyer Teng Biao told the BBC he had received a text message from an unknown source confirming that Mr Chen had been freed.

“I have not changed at all… I want to thank all the friends who have been concerned about me,” Mr Chen was quoted as saying by the Chinese Human Rights Defenders on his release.

Mr Chen was reportedly escorted to his village early on Thursday. He is said to be weak and thin, and is suffering from chronic gastroenteritis.

Human rights groups say that although Mr Chen has been freed he is likely to remain under tight guard by the authorities.

His family has been under close surveillance and the mobile and landline phones services of several relatives have been cut, his relative Yin Dongjiang told the Associated Press.

“There’s a lot of people in the village right now and the family isn’t allowed to leave their home,” said Mr Yin was quoted as saying.

Mr Chen was sentenced to four years and three months in prison after being convicted of damaging property and disrupting traffic.

The charges were made after a rally by supporters of Mr Chen who were angered by police treatment of him.

Supporters clashed with police during the rally outside Mr Chen’s home while he was under house arrest in 2006.

The sentence drew international criticism, with campaigners and supporters claiming that the prosecution was politically motivated.

Source:  http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11240597